Preface, Avi Lewis and Naomi Klein
On March 19, 2003, we were on the roof of the Zanon ceramic tile factory, filming an interview with Cepillo. He was showing us how the workers fended off eviction by armed police, defending their democratic workplace with slingshots and the little ceramic balls normally used to pound the Patagonian clay into raw material for tiles. His aim was impressive. It was the day the bombs started falling on Baghdad.
As journalists, we had to ask ourselves what we were doing there. What possible relevance could there be in this one factory at the southernmost tip of our continent, with its band of radical workers and its David and Goliath narrative, when bunker-busting apocalypse was descending on Iraq?
But we, like so many others, had been drawn to Argentina to witness firsthand an explosion of activism in the wake of its 2001 crisis – a host of dynamic new social movements that were not only advancing a bitter critique of the economic model that had destroyed their country, but were busily building local alternatives in the rubble.
There were many popular responses to the crisis, from neighbourhood assemblies and barter clubs to resurgent leftwing parties and mass movements of the unemployed, but we spent most of our year in Argentina with workers in «recovered companies.» Almost entirely under the media radar, workers in Argentina have been responding to rampant unemployment and capital flight by taking over traditional businesses that have gone bankrupt and are reopening them under democratic, worker management. It’s an old idea reclaimed and retrofitted for a brutal new time. The principles are so simple, so elementally fair, that they seem more self-evident than radical when articulated by one of the workers in this book: «We formed the cooperative with the criteria of equal wages, making basic decisions by assembly; we are against the separation of manual and intellectual work, we want a rotation of positions and, above all, the ability to recall our elected leaders.»
The movement of recovered companies is not epic in scale – some 170 companies, around 10,000 workers in Argentina. But six years on, and unlike some of the country’s other new movements, it has survived and continues to build quiet strength in the midst of the country’s deeply unequal «recovery». Its tenacity is a function of its pragmatism: this is a movement that is based on action, not talk. And its defining action, re-awakening the means of production under worker control, while loaded with potent symbolism, is anything but symbolic. It is feeding families, rebuilding shattered pride, and opening a window of powerful possibility.
Like a number of other emerging social movements around the world, the workers in the recovered companies are re-writing the traditional script for how change is supposed to happen. Rather than following anyone’s 10-point plan for revolution, the workers are darting ahead of the theory – at least, straight to the part where they get their jobs back. In Argentina, the theorists are chasing after the factory workers, trying to analyze what is already in noisy production.
These struggles have had a tremendous impact on the imaginations of activists around the world – at this point there are many more starry-eyed grad papers on the phenomenon than there are recovered companies. But there is also a renewed interest in democratic workplaces from Durban to Melbourne to New Orleans.
That said, the movement in Argentina is as much as product of the globalization of alternatives as it is one of its most contagious stories. Argentine workers borrowed the slogan, «Occupy, Resist, Produce» from Latin America’s largest social movement, Brazil’s Movimiento Sin Terra, in which more than a million people have reclaimed unused land and put it back into community production. One worker told us that what the movement in Argentina is doing is «MST for the cities». In South Africa, we saw a protester’s t-shirt with an even more succinct summary of this new impatience: Stop Asking, Start Taking.
But as much as these similar sentiments are blossoming in different parts of the world for the same reasons, there is an urgent need to share these stories and tools of resistance even more widely. For that reason, this translation that you are holding is of tremendous importance: it’s the first comprehensive portrait of Argentina’s famous movement of recovered companies in English.
The book’s author is the Lavaca collective, itself a worker cooperative like the struggles documented here. While we were in Argentina filming our documentary, The Take, we ran into Lavaca members wherever the workers’ struggles led – the courts, the legislature, the streets, the factory floor. They do some of the most sophisticated engaged journalism in the world today.
And this book is classic Lavaca. That means it starts with a montage – a theoretical framework that is unabashedly poetic. Then it cuts to a fight scene of the hard facts: the names, the numbers, and the M.O. behind the armed robbery that was Argentina’s crisis. With the scene set, the book then zooms in to the stories of individual struggles, told almost entirely through the testimony of the workers themselves.
This approach is deeply respectful of the voices of the protagonists, while still leaving plenty of room for the authors’ observations, at once playful and scathing. In this interplay between the cooperatives that inhabit the book and the one that produced it, there are a number of themes that bear mention.
First of all, there is the question of ideology. This movement is frustrating to some on the left who feel it is not clearly anti-capitalist, those who chafe at how comfortably it exists within the market economy and see worker management as merely a new form of auto-exploitation. Others see the project of cooperativism, the legal form chosen by the vast majority of the recovered companies, as a capitulation in itself – insisting that only full nationalization by the state can bring worker democracy into a broader socialist project.
In the words of the workers, and in between the lines, you get a sense of these tensions and the complex relationship between various struggles and parties of the left in Argentina. Workers in the movement are generally suspicious of being coopted to anyone’s political agenda, but at the same time cannot afford to turn down any support. But more interesting by far is to see how workers in this movement are politicized by the struggle, which begins with the most basic imperative: workers want to work, to feed their families. You can see in this book how some of the most powerful new working class leaders in Argentina today discovered solidarity on a path that started from that essentially apolitical point.
But whether you think the movement’s lack of a leading ideology is a tragic weakness or a refreshing strength, this book makes clear precisely how the recovered companies challenge capitalism’s most cherished ideal: the sanctity of private property.
The legal and political case for worker control in Argentina does not only rest on the unpaid wages, evaporated benefits and emptied-out pension funds. The workers make a sophisticated case for their moral right to property – in this case, the machines and physical premises – based not just on what they’re owed personally, but what society is owed. The recovered companies propose themselves as an explicit remedy to all the corporate welfare, corruption, and other forms of public subsidy the owners enjoyed in the process of bankrupting their firms and moving their wealth to safety, abandoning whole communities to the twilight of economic exclusion.
This argument is, of course, available for immediate use in the United States.
But this story goes much deeper than corporate welfare. And that’s where the Argentine experience will really resonate with Americans. It’s become axiomatic on the left to say that Argentina’s crash was a direct result of the IMF orthodoxy imposed on the country with such enthusiasm in the neoliberal 1990s. What this book makes clear is that in Argentina, just as in the U.S. occupation of Iraq, those bromides about private sector efficiency were nothing more than a cover story for an explosion of frontier-style plunder – looting on a massive scale by a small group of elites. Privatization, deregulation, labor flexibility: these were the tools to facilitate a massive transfer of public wealth to private hands, not to mention private debts to the public purse. Like Enron traders, the businessmen who haunt the pages of this book learned the first lesson of capitalism and stopped there: greed is good, and more greed is better. As one worker says in the book, «There are guys that wake up in the morning thinking about how to screw people, and others who think, how do we rebuild this Argentina that they have torn apart?
And in the answer to that question, you can read a powerful story of transformation. This book takes as a key premise that capitalism produces and distributes not just goods and services, but identities. When the capital and its carpet baggers had flown, what was left was not only companies that had been emptied, but a whole hollowed-out country filled with people whose identities – as workers – had been stripped away too.
As one of the organizers in the movement wrote to us, «It is a huge amount of work to recover a company. But the real work is to recover a worker – and that is the task that we have just begun.»
On April 17, 2003, we were on Avenida Jujuy in Buenos Aires – standing with the Brukman workers and a huge crowd of their supporters in front of a fence, behind which was a small army of police guarding the Brukman factory. After a brutal eviction, the workers were determined to get back to work at their sewing machines.
In Washington DC that day, USAID announced that it had chosen Bechtel corporation as the prime contractor for the reconstruction of Iraq’s architecture. The heist was about to begin in earnest, both in the US and in Iraq. Deliberately-induced crisis was providing the cover for the transfer of billions of tax dollars to a handful of politically-connected corporations.
In Argentina, they’d already seen this movie – the wholesale plunder of public wealth, the explosion of unemployment, the shredding of the social fabric, the staggering human consequences. And 52 seamstresses were in the street, backed by thousands of others, trying to take back what was already theirs. It was definitely the place to be.
Avi Lewis and Naomi Klein